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Human experiments

Human volunteers

  • @Higuchi2019: Behavior of ATD, PMHS and Human Volunteer in Frontal Crash Test

We accessed high speed human volunteer test data which had completed in the 1970's in United States sponsored by National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) from NHTSA's archives. In this report we compared these high speed human volunteer test results with our previous work and concluded the excursion of human volunteer is less than the excursion of PMHS at higher speeds, mimicking the findings at lower speeds.

Restraint systems

  • Hu, 20191: Development of oblique restraint countermeasures (Report No. DOT HS 812 814)

  • 2 : Posture and belt fit in reclined passenger seats

Regression analysis demonstrated that the pelvis rotated rearward and lumbar spine flexion decreased with increasing recline. The lap portion of the 3-point belt was more rearward relative to the pelvis in more-reclined postures, and the torso portion crossed the clavicle closer to the midline of the body. Regression equations were developed to predict posture and belt fit variables as a function of passenger characteristics, seat back angle, and the use of the headrest.

Precrash

  • Graci, 2020 3: Age Differences in Occupant Motion during Simulated In-Vehicle Swerving Maneuvers

Compared to teens and adults, children showed greater head and trunk motion (p < 0.03), but similar muscle activation in the into-the-belt direction of swerving. In the out–of-the-belt direction, children showed head and trunk motion more similar to teens and adults (p < 0.02), but with greater muscle activation.

  • Graci, 2019 3: Effect of automated versus manual emergency braking on rear seat adult and pediatric occupant precrash motion

  • Ghafari, 2019 4: Passenger muscle responses in lane change and lane change with braking maneuvers using two belt configurations: Standard and reversible pre-pretensioner

Post-mortem human subjects (PMHS)

  • Donlon, 20205: Kinematics of inboard-leaning occupants in frontal impacts

    The posture-induced increase in the distance between the D-ring and the shoulder permitted the increased maximum forward head displacement and increased maximum head resultant velocity relative to the vehicle interior. Thus, an initial inboard lean in a frontal impact may increase the risk and severity of a head strike to the vehicle interior, and alter the location, timing, and nature of airbag engagement.

  • Richardson, 20196 : Test Methodology for Evaluating the Reclined Seating Environment With Human Surrogates

  • Kang, 2018, IRCOBI : Head neck PMHS, frontal, oblique, side and twist scenarios

  • Shurtz et al., 2018, Small female side impact

  • Shaw, 20097 : Impact Response of Restrained (PMHS) in Frontal Sled Tests: Skeletal Deformation Patterns Under Seat Belt Loading

Dummies

  • Whyte, 20198: Frontal crash seat belt restraint effectiveness and comfort accessories used by older occupants

  • Viano, 20189: Rear-seat occupant in rear crash test (NHTSA)

  • Parent et al., 2017, Stapp, THOR vs HIII 50th male in frontal impact

Biofidelity

  • Rhule, 200910A Methodology for Generating Objective Targets for Quantitatively Assessing the Biofideltiy of crash test dummies

VRUs

  • Forczek, 202011: Pelvic movements during walking throughout gestation - the relationship between morphology and kinematic parameters

Instrumentation

  • Robert-Lachaine, 202012: Validation of a low-cost inertial motion capture system for whole-body motion analysis

  1. Jingwen Hu, Kurt Fischer, Alex Schroeder, Kyle Boyle, Angelo Adler, and Matthew Reed. Development of oblique restraint countermeasures report no\. dot hs 812 814. Technical Report, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC, 2019. ↩

  2. Matthew P. Reed, Sheila M. Ebert, and Monica L. H. Jones. Posture and belt fit in reclined passenger seats. Traffic Injury Prevention, 20sup1:S38–S42, jun 2019. doi:10.1080/15389588.2019.1630733. ↩

  3. Valentina Graci, Ethan Douglas, Thomas Seacrist, Jason Kerrigan, Julie Mansfield, John Bolte, Rini Sherony, Jason Hallman, and Kristy Arbogast. Age differences in occupant motion during simulated in-vehicle swerving maneuvers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 176:1834, mar 2020. doi:10.3390/ijerph17061834. ↩↩

  4. Ghazaleh Ghaffari, Karin Brolin, Bengt Pipkorn, Lotta Jakobsson, and Johan Davidsson. Passenger muscle responses in lane change and lane change with braking maneuvers using two belt configurations: standard and reversible pre-pretensioner. Traffic Injury Prevention, 20sup1:S43–S51, jun 2019. doi:10.1080/15389588.2019.1634265. ↩

  5. John-Paul Donlon, Rachel Richardson, Mohan Jayathirtha, Jason Forman, Jason Kerrigan, Richard Kent, Kristy B. Arbogast, Vivek Maripudi, and Mike Scavnicky. Kinematics of inboard-leaning occupants in frontal impacts. Traffic Injury Prevention, pages 1–6, apr 2020. doi:10.1080/15389588.2020.1745787. ↩

  6. Rachel Richardson, John Paul Donlon, Kalle Chastain, Greg Shaw, Jason Forman, Sara Sochor, Mohan Jayathirtha, Kevin Kopp, Brian Overby, Bronislaw Gepner, Jason Kerrigan, Martin Ostling, Krystoffer Mroz, and Bengt Pipkorn. Test methodology for evaluating the reclined seating environment with human surrogates. In 26th ESV Conference, number September, Paper No. 19–0243. 2019. URL: http://indexsmart.mirasmart.com/26esv/PDFfiles/26ESV-000243.pdf. ↩

  7. Greg Shaw, Dan Parent, Sergey Purtsezov, David Lessley, Jeff Crandall, Richard Kent, Herve Guillemot, Stephen A. Ridella, Erik Takhounts, and Peter Martin. Impact response of restrained PMHS in frontal sled tests: skeletal deformation patterns under seat belt loading. In Stapp Car Crash Conference. SAE International, nov 2009. doi:10.4271/2009-22-0001. ↩

  8. Tom Whyte, Nicholas Kent, Lisa Keay, Kristy Coxon, and Julie Brown. Frontal crash seat belt restraint effectiveness and comfort accessories used by older occupants. Traffic Injury Prevention, pages 1–6, dec 2019. doi:10.1080/15389588.2019.1690648. ↩

  9. David C. Viano and Chantal S. Parenteau. Rear-seat occupant responses in NHTSA rear crash tests. In SAE Technical Paper Series. SAE International, apr 2018. doi:10.4271/2018-01-1330. ↩

  10. Heather Rhule, Bruce Donnelly, Kevin Moorhouse, and Yun Seok Kang. A methodology for generating objective targets for quantitatively assessing the biofideltiy of crash test dummies. In International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles ESV. 2009. ↩

  11. W. Forczek, Y. Ivanenko, M. Salamaga, F. Sylos-Labini, B. Frączek, A. Masłoń, M. Curyło, and A. Suder. Pelvic movements during walking throughout gestation - the relationship between morphology and kinematic parameters. Clinical Biomechanics, 71:146–151, jan 2020. doi:10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2019.11.001. ↩

  12. X. Robert-Lachaine, H. Mecheri, A. Muller, C. Larue, and A. Plamondon. Validation of a low-cost inertial motion capture system for whole-body motion analysis. Journal of Biomechanics, 99:109520, jan 2020. doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.109520. ↩